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Ideal wound dressings
Furthermore, different injuries require different dressings. The goal of personalized medicine is producing wound dressing designed to each patient.
Semipermeable film from both bio-based and synthetic materials are the common wound dressings, alongside with sponges, foams, hydrogels, nanofibers and decellularized tissues. All these materials form a scaffold for skin cells, support their viability, migration, and proliferation.
Wound dressings very often consist of several layers. The inner layers absorb exudates and carry pharmaceutics, while the outer layers protect from pathogens and drying.
In the Table 1, there are the most common materials used for wound dressings. The trend is to use natural materials as they are more biocompatibleBiocompatibility is a general term describing the property of a material being compatible with living tissue. Biocompatible materials do not produce a…. Local allergic reactions to synthetic polymers or adhesives are common. Residual synthetic particles from wound dressings remaining in the wound can also cause complications. That’s why biodegradableBiodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. polymers are preferred.2
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Material |
Features |
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Synthetic polymers |
Polyurethan |
Polyurethan is a transparent film, permeable for gasses, but not for pathogens, keeps moisture and is easily removable. Polyurethan is not suitable for wet wound with lot of exudate. The advantages are the possibility to monitor the wound without dressing replacement and low cost.2 |
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Silicone |
Protects from hypertrophic and keloid scars formation.3 |
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Proteins |
Collagen |
The most abundant animal protein, the main structure of the extracellular matrixThe extracellular matrix is the name for the structure that fills the space between cells in an organism. It is made up of a network that consists mai… More. Collgaen I is the most common in tissue engineering. Animal collagen can cause allergic reaction, thus bacterial collagen is preferred in biomedicine. Collagen supports natural adhesion, proliferation, and migration of cells as well as moderate immune response. Not optimal mechanic properties and fast degradation.4, 5 |
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Gelatin |
Gelatin is produced by collagen hydrolysis. It is biodegradableBiodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. and biocompatibleBiocompatibility is a general term describing the property of a material being compatible with living tissue. Biocompatible materials do not produce a…, but allergenic as much as collagen. Gelatin absorbs moisture and forms gel. Gelatin is more stable than collagen, better for nanofiber formation and cost-efficient.4, 6 |
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Keratin |
Water-insoluble fibrous protein produced by epithelial animal cells. It is the main structural protein of wool, horns, down, hair, and nails. The production from animal biomassMaterial of biological origin excluding material embedded in geological formations and material transformed to fossilised material. This includes orga… More is complicated.5 |
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Fibroin |
Water-insoluble fibrous protein from silk. It is of high mechanical resistance and supports cell adhesion.5 |
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Fibronectin |
Human glycoprotein, supports cell adhesion, biodegrades quickly.4 |
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Polysacharides |
Hyaluronic acid |
One of the main components of connective tissue. It absorbs high abouts of water, forms hydrogel – suitable for wet wounds and controlled-release systems.5 |
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Chitosan |
Produced by chitin deacetylation. Chitin forms exoskeletons of crustaceans and insects. It is biocompatibleBiocompatibility is a general term describing the property of a material being compatible with living tissue. Biocompatible materials do not produce a…, biodegradableBiodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi., with antimicrobial and hemostatic properties.4, 5 |
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Alginate |
BiodegradableBiodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. polysaccharide from brown algae. It is non-toxic, non-inflammatory, hydrophile, absorbs water – gels formation, high porosity, cost-effective. Suitable for wet wounds.5 |
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Pectin |
Plant polysaccharide, which absorbs water and forms gel. |
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CelluloseCellulose is the principal component of cell walls in all higher forms of plant life, at varying percentages. It is therefore the most common organic … More |
The most abundant biopolymer on this planet – the main structural polymerA polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules, or macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits. for plant cell walls. Traditional gauze is made of celluloseCellulose is the principal component of cell walls in all higher forms of plant life, at varying percentages. It is therefore the most common organic … More, its main advantage is the very low price, but it does not transport gasses perfectly, does not protect from infection and is not easily removeable. In tissue engineering, cellulose acetateCellulose ester More and carboxymethylcellulose are the most common derivatives. |
Table 1 – Materials used in wound dressings
Besides the wound dressings, systemic therapy is also part of the treatment – mostly represented by antibiotics. Other local therapy includes physical approaches (dead tissue elimination, compression, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, etc.) or pharmacologic (antiseptics, antibiotics, natural oils, aloe vera, honey, etc.).
PHAsPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More fit perfectly into biomedicine applications due to their full biocompatibility and biodegradability. However, their material properties must be adjusted – PHAsPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More are brittle, little elastic and hydrophobicProperty: water-resistant, not soluble in water (e.g. a plastic which is water resistant and weather proof, or that does not absorb any water such as … More. This is the reason for searching the best composite material. Table 2 comprises recent literature on PHAsPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More composites suitable for electrospinningThe electrospinning method allows the preparation of very fine fibers ranging from um to nm from a polymer solution or a polymer melt using electrosta… More and tissue engineering applications.
Surface modifications of PHAsPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More enhance cells adhesion – treatment of PHAsPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More surface with plasma is the effective choice. 7-9
Nanofiber scaffold from P3HBPolyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) is a Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class that are o… More and chitosan supported fibroblasts adhesion and proliferation10, similarly as P3HBPolyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) is a Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class that are o… More/gelatin6 and PHBVPolyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) is a Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class that are o… More/collagen11 composites. These composites were also tested as wound dressings.12, 13
Nanofibers can also serve as drug carriersA drug carrier is any substrate used in the process of drug delivery which serves to improve the selectivity, effectiveness, and/or safety of drug adm… – they can bind pharmaceuticals (e.g. antibiotics) and slowly release them.14
Group | Mixture | References |
PHAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More mixtures | PHB/PHBV | 15-17 |
PHBHH/P34HB | 18-21 | |
P3HBPolyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) is a Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class that are o… More/P3HO | 22, 23 | |
PHAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More/polysacharides | PHAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More/chitosan | 14, 24, 25 |
PHBPolyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) is a Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class that are o… More/carrageenan | 26 | |
PHBPolyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) is a Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class that are o… More/glucosamine sulphate | 27 | |
PHBPolyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) is a Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class that are o… More/pectin | 28 | |
PHBPolyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) is a Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class that are o… More/acetyl celluloseCellulose is the principal component of cell walls in all higher forms of plant life, at varying percentages. It is therefore the most common organic … More | 29, 30 | |
PHBVPolyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) is a Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class that are o… More/cellulose nanocrystals | 31 | |
PHAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More/proteins | PHAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More/collagen | 11, 13, 32-35 |
PHAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More/gelatin | 12, 36-40 | |
PHAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More/fibroin | 41, 42 | |
PHAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More/keratin | 43, 44 | |
P34HB/zein | 45 | |
P3HBPolyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) is a Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class that are o… More/poly-β-alanine | 46 | |
PHBPolyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) is a Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class that are o… More/laminin | 47 | |
PHAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More/inorganic compounds | PHAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More/carbon nanotubes | 48, 49 |
PHAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More/graphene | 50, 51 | |
PHAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More/hydroxyapatite | 52-56 | |
Other composites | PHBPolyhydroxy butyrate (PHB) is a Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), a polymer belonging to the polyesters class that are o… More/PLCL | 57 |
PHAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More/PCL | 58-61 | |
PHAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More/PLA | 62-64 | |
PHAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More/PEO (PEG) | 65-68 | |
PHBHH/chitosan/PCL | 69 | |
PHAPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More/graphene/Ag nanoparticles | 70 |
Table 2: Composites of PHAsPolyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) or the polyhydroxy fatty acids, are a family of biodegradable polyesters. As in many mammals, including humans, that hold … More tested for nanofiber production in tissue engineering. Zein is protein from corn. Poly-β-alanine is a synthetic protein. Laminin is a glycoprotein of epithelial tissue lamina. Poly-e-caprolactone (PCLPolycaprolactone, a synthetic (fossil based), biodegradable bioplastic, e.g. used as a blend component. More) is biodegradableBiodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi. hydrophobicProperty: water-resistant, not soluble in water (e.g. a plastic which is water resistant and weather proof, or that does not absorb any water such as … More plasticsMaterials with large molecular chains of natural or fossil raw materials, produced by chemical or biochemical reactions. More. Poly-lactis acid (PLAPolylactide or Polylactic Acid (PLA), a biodegradable, thermoplastic, linear aliphatic polyester based on lactic acid, a natural acid, is mainly produ… More) is biodegradableBiodegradation is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi., bio-based, and biocompatibleBiocompatibility is a general term describing the property of a material being compatible with living tissue. Biocompatible materials do not produce a… polymerA polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules, or macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits.. PEG/PEO/POE is polymerA polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules, or macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits. of ethyleneFree of colour and odour gas, made e.g. from, Naphtha (petroleum) by cracking or from bio-ethanol by dehydration, monomer of the polymer polyethylene … More oxide.
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